Amazon has reportedly bought large quantities of printed books, including rare and foreign-language titles, for scanning into AI training data. A 404 Media investigation tracked a rare book with a tracking device to Amazon’s VGT3 warehouse in Las Vegas, Nevada. Employees at the site reportedly said shipments of books are received there, their bindings are cut off to speed scanning, and the physical copies are destroyed. A bookseller involved in the tracked shipment said rare books can carry historical, intellectual, sentimental, and monetary value beyond their text. The Internet Archive, founded by Brewster Kahle in 1996, digitizes books while retaining their physical bindings. Its scanning centers use operators known as scribe operators to capture books one page at a time. The organization says it does not destroy books by cutting off their bindings and instead adapts machines and software for nondestructive digitization. The Internet Archive contrasts its process with Google Books, launched in 2004, which it says used industrial-scale destructive scanning to increase processing speed.

A rare book containing a hidden AirTag was tracked to Amazon’s VGT3 warehouse in Las Vegas, where 404 Media reported that a team tore books from their spines and scanned their pages. The book was supplied by a bookseller as part of a bulk order after booksellers had spent roughly a year suspecting that AI companies were acquiring large quantities of rare books and destroying them after digitization. 404 Media connected the tracked book to an Amazon AI training facility, providing evidence tying Amazon to at least one such bulk purchase. Amazon did not comment directly on the findings or say whether the scanned books were used for AI training. The company said it buys books through commercial channels “to help develop and improve the products and services our customers use.” Amazon is developing frontier AI models, which require large volumes of distinct training data to compete with companies including Google, OpenAI, and Anthropic. Text from rare books could offer valuable training material because the works may be difficult to obtain elsewhere. Anthropic and xAI have publicly said they do not train their models on rare or antique books. A logo documented on the VGT3 team’s warehouse door depicted a Tyrannosaurus rex preparing to devour a book.

Amazon is acquiring large quantities of rare books, scanning them for AI training data, and subsequently destroying them. An investigation tracked a rare book to an Amazon AI training facility, revealing the company's book buying operation.

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